two spirit что это
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Two Spirit
Miigwan’s two spirit flag.
2Sanon’s two spirit flag.
Alternate two spirit flag by 2Sanon.
Lgbtqa-pride-icon’s two-spirit flag.
Two Spirit or Two-Spirited is an exclusive identity for Indigenous North Americans and is defined as an umbrella term for sexuality, gender and/or spirituality. Two Spirit being seen as an umbrella term encompasses homosexual/homoromantic attraction and a wide variety of gender variance that includes individuals who in western culture may be described as gay, lesbian, bi, trans, genderqueer, GNC or those who have more than one gender identity. Two-Spirit also may include relationships which are non-monogamous.
Two-spirited individuals often serve a ceremonial role as well. In some tribes, when the term is used as an English synonym for a traditional ceremonial role, a two-spirited individual must be recognized as such by the Elders of their community. Most tribes have a tribe-specific name that is used to describe a third or fourth gender category, and may be used synonymously with two spirit in English. Two spirit was created as an English word to serve as an umbrella term for the diverse, culturally-specific ceremonial and social roles found in many different Native American and Indigenous cultures. The roles that can be described as two spirit can vary widely. No single gender or sexuality category within Native American/Indigenous’ cultures applies to all two spirit individuals and vice verse.
As an umbrella term it can be more accurately understood as any identity that does not make sense unless it is contextualized within the framework of a Native American or Indigenous traditional cultural understanding. Not all two-spirited individuals consider themselves transgender, non-binary, or LGBT+ however some two-spirited individuals do seek to be included under LGBTQIA2+, as there were Indigenous Native individuals fighting for gay rights at the Stonewall riot in 1969.
History
Flag made by sirieko
The English term «two spirit» was proposed by Elder Myra Laramee in 1990 out of the third annual inter-tribal Native American/Indigenous gay/lesbian American conference in Winnipeg. A direct translation of the Ojibwe term, Niizh manidoowag, «two-spirited» or «two-spirit» is usually used to indicate a individual whose body simultaneously houses a masculine spirit and a feminine spirit. The term can also be used more abstractly, to indicate presence of two contrasting human spirits (such as Warrior and Clan Mother) or two contrasting animal spirits (which, depending on the culture, might be Eagle and Coyote).
The primary purpose of coining a new term was to encourage the replacement of the outdated and offensive, anthropological term, «berdache». The term «berdache» was coined by western anthropologists and used until the late 20th century, mainly to describe feminine Native Americans assigned male at birth. The term is however inaccurate and can nowadays be considered offensive.
Two Spirit was intended to carry on the traditional meanings of the terms in Indigenous languages for the culturally-specific ceremonial roles that are recognized and confirmed by the Elders of the two-spirit’s ceremonial community. However, it has been criticized by traditional communities who already have their own terms for the individuals being grouped under this new term, and by those who reject what they call the «western» binary implications, such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are «both male and female». Despite this it has generally received more acceptance and use than the anthropological term it replaced.
A third one was proposed by snozzzz of lgbtqa-pride-icons, with yellow representing nonbinary identity, pink representing femininity, blue representing masculinity, and brown representing native blood.
A fourth flag was created by Twitter user sirieko on July 4th, 2021. The white represents two-spirit individuals who are also members of the LGBTQ+ community, yellow represents Native’s connection to their ancestors, joyous spirit, and the sunlight that brings warmth, green represents Native’s connection to their Mother Earth and their tribes, blue represents the blessing that being two-spirit is, the wisdom they have access to, and the perspective they’re able to share, and purple represents their spiritual capabilities and relationship with the universe.
Two spirit что это
The term «two-spirited» comes to us with a rich background of history and importance
In contemporary times, with the advent of lesbian and gay liberation, «two-spirited» means Aboriginal people who identify themselves as gay or lesbian
The terms «gay» and «lesbian» are European in origin, so the term «two-spirited» is preferred because it is more culturally relevant to Aboriginal lesbians and gay men
When Europeans came to Turtle Island they brought with them their religions, their values and their way of looking at the world. This adversely affected Aboriginal communities in many ways, including our sexual expression
Over time, we have come to believe that two-spirited First nations people are disgusting and perverse. We learn that before colonization that to be two-spirited was a gift, which had promise and potential. Two-spirited people were respected and honored; they were visionaries and healers in our communities. We have rediscovered that we continue to have a spiritual place in our world
Aboriginal culture is recognized for its emphasis on balance and harmony in all of creation. No one element, force or impulse dominates the others. The term two-spirited originates from the First nation’s recognition of the traditions and sacredness of people who maintain a balance by housing both the male and female spirit
Some of our elders teach us that two-spirited people have a special place in our communities. We believe that two-spirited people have specific duties and responsibilities to perform. These include counseling, healing, being pipe carriers, visionaries (seers), and conducting oneself in accordance with our belief that respects all life
Based on historical evidence that comes from recorded material, out of ninety-nine tribes, there were references to Gay culture in eighty-eight of them, of which twenty made specific references to lesbianism. Among the Crow, for instance, two-spirited men were responsible for cutting down the tree which is used for the Sun Dance Ceremony
Coming together in the urban setting has allowed us to look at our sexuality from political perspectives, which allows us the re-empowerment of two-spirited people
Organizations such as 2-Spirited People of the 1st nations have been founded and give vitality to the vital role which two-spirited people have within Aboriginal communities. Through the decolonization process, we as two-spirited people are striving to reclaim our traditional positions within our nations and are taking our rightful place
Taken from: «Another Mother Tongue» edited by: Judy Grahn, Beacon Press,
Boston 1984
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Two-Spirit
Two Spirit is a culturally distinct gender that describes Indigenous North Americans who fulfils one of many mixed gender roles found traditionally among many Native Americans and Canadian First Nations indigenous groups. The mixed gender roles encompassed by the term historically included wearing the clothing and performing the work associated with both men and women.
This English term emerged in 1990 out of the third annual inter-tribal Native American/First Nations gay/lesbian American conference in Winnipeg. A direct translation of the Ojibwe term, Niizh manidoowag, «two-spirited» or «two-spirit» is usually used to indicate a person whose body simultaneously houses a masculine spirit and a feminine spirit. The term can also be used more abstractly, to indicate presence of two contrasting human spirits (such as Warrior and Clan Mother) or two contrasting animal spirits (which, depending on the culture, might be Eagle and Coyote). However, these uses, while descriptive of some aboriginal cultural practices and beliefs, depart somewhat from the 1990 purposes of promoting the term.
According to Brian Joseph Gilly, male berdachism «was a fundamental institution among most tribal peoples.» Will Roscoe writes that male and female berdaches have been «documented in over 130 tribes, in every region of North America, among every type of native culture.»
The term berdache was coined by western anthropologists and used until the late 20th century, mainly to describe feminine Native Americans assigned male at birth. The term is however inaccurate and can nowadays be considered offensive.
Non-natives who use this identity are often accused of «appropriating Native culture.»
8 Things You Should Know About Two Spirit People
When attempting to explain the concept of Two Spirit people in Indian country, many people may visualize images of Unicorns and Rainbows, Donna Summers and Seventies disco balls. Try to explain the concept of Two Spirit outside Indian country, and you may as well throw in war bonnets and glitter.
The term Two Spirit has been present in Native communities for countless generations that predate LGBTQ terminology. For generations, Two Spirit Native culture went underground to avoid detection and persecution.
Today the Two Spirit movement has been negatively affected by rumor, gossip, the tyranny of western religion, and an all-around lack of information.
Here are eight misconceptions and/or things you should know about Two Spirit people that may help foster a better understanding of the Two Spirit community.
Two Spirit is not a contemporary “new-age” movement
While the term Two Spirit was coined in 1990 In Winnipeg, Canada as a means of unifying various gender identities and expressions of Native American/First Nations/Indigenous individuals, the term is not a specific definition of gender, sexual orientation or other self-determining catch-all phrase, but rather an umbrella term.
Two Spirit people have both a male and female spirit within them and are blessed by their Creator to see life through the eyes of both genders.
The term does not diminish the tribal-specific names, roles and traditions nations have for their own Two Spirit people. Examples of such names are the winkte among the Lakota and the nadleeh among the Navajo people.
These names and roles go back to a time before western religion. Two Spirit is not a “New Age» movement, but rather a reclamation of Two Spirit’s rightful place in Native culture.
We have proof of Two Spirit individuals in historical photos
A historical image of Two Spirit Native people.
A quick google search will render black and whites from decades ago with Two Spirit tribal members from various nations, such as We’wha, a very well-known and documented Two Spirit of the Zuni people, who crossed over in 1896.
Gay is not an interchangeable term with Two Spirit
Two-Spirit Dancers prepare, from the film Two Spirits
A Two Spirit person may be gay, but a gay person is not necessarily Two Spirit. Claiming the role of Two Spirit is to take up the spiritual responsibility that the role traditionally had. Walking the red road, being for the people and our children/youth, and being a guiding force in a good way with a good mind are just some of those responsibilities.
The Two Spirit Road is a road of long held traditions, prayer and responsibility
Out of the 250 groups invited to participate in the 46th annual San Francisco LGBT Pride Parade, the Bay Area American Indian Two Spirits (BAAITS) parade participants were a crowd favorite.
Living as a Two Spirit is not all pride parades and hot pants. To be of service to our elders and youth with our very particular medicine is paramount. If we lose our traditions, our songs, our medicines, and our languages, and make no effort to restore what was lost, we doom ourselves.
In 2016 Two Spirit nation at Oceti Sakowin built the Cannonball River prayer pier, to be used for water ceremonies. Knee deep in mud on a cold 2016 November morning, the Two Spirit camp worked till sundown, so that our women and elders could have a place to pray the following morning. Actual events such a this are now part of our modern history as Two Spirit people and should never be minimized. As with all of Native culture, Two Spirit is also a living culture.
Two Spirit people held significant roles and were an integral part of a tribal social structures
Two Spirit people held a meaningful place in the sacred hoop. In many tribes Two Spirits were balance keepers. Thought to be the «dusk» between the male morning, and the female evening. As the role has evolved over time as necessary, the tradition is still alive. At Two Spirit gatherings and communal events, we can be found saying prayers that have needed to be said for decades, and fostering healing to all present. Restoring much needed balance to spirit.
Two Spirit Does Not Indicate Colonized Boxed Definitions of «L», «G», «B», «T» or «Q»
We can be all of these, or none of these. A western mindset categorizes based on standards of ‘norm’ and ‘other’ in a kyriarchal (to rule or dominate) type structure. This mindset imposes a series of boxes to fit into (you’re either gay, you’re a lesbian, etc.) rather than being comfortable with gender fluidity, Two Spirit acknowledges the continuum of gender identity and expression.
Two Spirit is a term only appropriate for Native people
Wanting to capture the essence of a Two Spirit relationship and decolonize homophobic attitudes, Saskatchewan-based producer, filmmaker, and photographer, Marcel Petit (Metis) created a photo essay of Two Spirit couple Warren Ibister (Ahtahkakoop Cree Nation) and Don Bear (Peter Ballantyne of Cree Nation) wearing traditional regalia in women’s Cree style.
Two Spirit is a role that existed in a Native American/First Nations/Indigenous tribe for gender queer, gender fluid, and gender non-conforming tribal members. If you don’t have a tribe, you can’t claim that role.
Two Spirit People face compounded trauma’s on top of inter-generational trauma
Imagine going from your nation where you’re a celebrated Two Spirit individual, to a boarding school where you’re assigned your gender, with any push back about it being beat out of you. For a lot of our boarding school survivors (and those who didn’t survive), this was their reality. As a result, there is still healing from much internalized socio-political stigma, phobia, and lateral oppression to be done in the Two Spirit community.
The resilience, strength, and sheer indomitable will of Two Spirit people is something to be shared with all nations. When you watch the sun rise every day, the sun set every evening, and the moon come out each night, remember the miracle of Two Spirit people. Not unnatural, not evil, or perverse, just all things in balance, and everything in divine order.
Follow Tony Enos on Twitter at @TonyEnos
two-spirit
or Two-Spirit or Two Spirit or two-spirited [ too-spir-it]
What does Two Spirit mean?
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Where does two-spirit come from?
The term two-spirit is an umbrella term across American Indian and First Nations cultures for a person who embodies both male and female spirits within them, hence two-spirit. It originated at a 1990 conference for gay and lesbian Native people to replace the hurtful, derogatory, colonial term berdache (French for a “young male kept for gay sex”), used for gender-nonconforming individuals.
Two-spirit concept, however, is an ancient and traditional one in Native cultures, and not just a Native equivalent for queer or LGBTQ. It especially referred to birth-assigned men who took social identity and dress of women. It took diverse forms (and terms) within the hundreds of tribes across the Americas. Two-spirit identity frequently involved special work roles in society (e.g., weavers, healers, caretakers), sacred status, roles in ceremonies, same-sex relations, and cross-dressing.
Our Two-Spirit ancestors were targeted, beaten, raped, murdered because colonizers thought they were evil, sinful…..they were targeted because of the power they held within many of our communities as leaders, healers, warriors…
— Johnnie Jae aka The Brown Ball of Fury (@johnniejae) July 21, 2018
Historically, two-spirited people especially suffered under white colonization and the abusive American Indian boarding schools in the 19th-20th centuries, which made them choose a gender and its roles rather than live as a third gender.
Two-spirit has spread in the 2000s with growing visibility and inclusion of gender diversity in culture. The topic has been featured in several documentaries and films in the 2000–10s, including the 2018 Miseducation of Cameron Post, following a two-spirit person sent to conversion camp.
I’m really glad the miseducation of cameron post adressed two-spirit and lgbt+ native americans experience even if brief
However, some in mainstream culture have appropriated or misunderstood two-spirit outside of its complex and historic Native American cultural context. It’s important to note that while two-spirit is a term many Native persons use for all LGBTQ Native individuals, it’s not synonymous with LGBTQ.
Pop star Jason Mraz came under fire in July 2018 when he discussed his sexuality in terms of two-spirit, which he says his wife defined in terms of bisexuality. This was seen as a form of cultural appropriation.
Jason Mraz opens up about his sexuality to @billboard.
“I’ve had experiences with men, even while I was dating the woman who became my wife. It was like, ‘Wow, does that mean I am gay?’ And my wife laid it out for me. She calls it ‘two spirit’.” pic.twitter.com/ICOlmrQM1o
Okay but here is the thing Mraz, two spirit is a gender identity, not a sexuality. A Native American gender identity. It is not about sexual preference. It is about gender. This smacks an awful lot of cultural appropriation.